Eight page booklet : define Geographical keywords; complete a fact file about a an Indian state; SPAG exercise about Indian food; annotate a photo to show the problems of slum life; moral dilemma comparing the lives of the super rich and the extreme poor; explain why trees are important in Geography (using a Hindu quote as a prompt); a comparison of the lives of Krishna and Jesus
Revision for A-level Religious Studies (OCR)
Three pages
OMNIPOTENCE
Divine power
• DESCARTES
• AQUINAS + SWINBURNE
• ANTHONY KENNY
Self-imposed limitation
• PETER VARDY
• JOHN MACQUARRIE
• ALVIN PLANTINGA
• WILLIAM OF OCKHAM
OMNIBENEVOLENCE
Divine benevolence
JOHN
HOSEA
EXODUS
AMOS
PSALMS
ETERNITY
Divine eternity
Boethius
Anselm
o HARTSHORNE; KENNY
• RICHARD SWINBURNE
• FRIEDRICH SCHLEIRMACHER
FREE WILL (+ omniscience)
Romans
Hebrews
Key Issues
Revision notes for A-level Religious Studies (OCR)
Four pages
PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION – RELIGIOUS LANGUAGE
NEGATIVE, ANALOGICAL, OR SYMBOLIC
APOPHATIC WAY
• PSEUDO DIONYSIUS
• MAIMONIDES
CATAPHATIC WAY
• AQUINAS
• VINCENT BRÜMMER
SYMBOLIC LANGUAGE
• PAUL TILLICH
Key Issues
TWENTIETH CENTURY PERSPECTIVES
LOGICAL POSITIVISM
• VIENNA CIRCLE
• A.J. AYER
LANGUAGE GAMES
• LUDWIG WITTGENSTEIN
• DON CUPITT
• DZ PHILLIPS
FALSIFICATION SYMPOSIUM
• KARL POPPER
• ANTONY FLEW
• R.M. HARE
• BASIL MITCHELL
Key Issues
Revision notes for A-level Religious Studies (OCR)
Four pages
PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION – PHILOSOPHICAL LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT
ANCIENT PHILOSOPHICAL INFLUENCES
PLATO
THE FORMS
Heraclitus
Realm of the Forms
Realm of Appearances
Hierarchy of the Forms
Allegory of the Cave
Criticisms of the allegory
Darwin
Deus Ex Machina
ARISTOTLE
Method of per genus et per differentia
The Four Causes
The Prime Mover
SOUL, MIND & BODY
THE PHILOSOPHICAL LANGUAGE OF SOUL, MIND AND BODY
Views of Plato:
Psyche
Soul
Tripartite soul
Allegory of the Chariot
Logos
Thymos
Eros
Views of Aristotle:
Soul
Nutritive soul
Sensible soul
Rational soul
METAPHYSICS OF CONSCIOUSNESS
Substance dualism
Descartes
“Cogito ergo sum”
Mind + body
Pineal gland
Neural dependence
Gilbert Ryle
‘Ghost in a machine’
Materialism
Consciousness
Monism
‘I am a body’
Rejection of soul
Dawkins
‘The Selfish Gene’
SOUL ONE / SOUL TWO
Susan Blackmore
John Hick
soft materialist
Revision notes for A-level Religious Studies (OCR)
Five pages
DCT – LIVING
CHRISTIAN MORAL PRINCIPLES
BIBLE = ONLY AUTHORITY FOR CHRISTIAN MORALS
Theonomous Christian ethics
Jesus criticised Pharisees for following law too literally
Sola scriptura
2 Timothy
theopneustos
2 Peter
Issues with theonomous ethics
TRANSLATION
Exodus
WHICH BIBLE
Martin Luther
apocrypha
CONTRADICTIONS (OT vs NT)
CHERRY PICKING
Leviticus
Bibliolatry
INTERPRETATION
BIBLE, CHURCH + REASON
SOURCES OF CHRISTIAN MORALS
Heteronomous
Roman Catholic attitudes
Order of decision-making authority
Sacred Tradition
Magisterium
VATICAN II COUNCIL 1975
Papal infallibility
ex cathedra
Pius IX
Human reason (Natural Law):
JOHN PAUL II
Issues with accepting Church teachings
Jesus
Pharisees
ROSEMARY RADFORD REUTHER
Liberation theology
Protestant attitudes to Church teachings
Order of decision-making
Tradition
Archbishop of Canterbury
Reformation:
STANLEY HAUERWAS
AGAPE
Autonomous Christian ethics
1 Corinthians
Mark
HANS KÜNG
BENEDICT XVI
person of goodwill
'global ethic’
PAUL TILLICH
CHURCH HAS AUTHORITY OVER INDIVIDUALS
Subjectivity
Collective wisdom
God’s word
Agapeic action
CHRISTIAN ETHICS: PERSONAL vs COMMUNAL
Human freewill
Ability to reason
Beliefs of majority
Utilitarianism
God’s judgement of individuals
Community **
CHRISTIAN MORAL ACTION
BONHOEFFER
Assassination attempt against Hitler
DUTY TO GOD + THE STATE
Obedience, leadership + doing God’s will
Cost of Discipleship
Romans
God-given authority
God’s will
DAWKINS
**CHRISTIANS’ KNOWLEDGE OF GOD’S WILL **
Conscience
AQUINAS
Humanity corrupted by Fall
Decisions checked by community
Freewill
Civil disobedience
Teachings of Christ
‘Act and Being’
Church or state
Mark
Romans
Exodus
Daniel
MLK + Rosa Parks
Suffragettes
DUTY TO GOD OR STATE?
Choice should be obvious
Jesus
“Render to Caesar what is Caesar’s”
Bonhoeffer
Passivity and evil
Romans
Leadership on Earth
Fundamental Christian principles
Christians protesting abortions
Bonhoeffer’s extreme circumstances
Hitler as ‘anti-Christ’
MEIN KAMPF
Anti-Semitism
CHURCH AS COMMUNITY + SOURCE OF SPIRITUAL DISCIPLINE
Confessing Church
Visible Church community
Proverbs
Sermon on Mount
SALT + LIGHT
‘Religionless Christianity’
Focus on Christ
Finkenwalde
Personal discipline
Look outwards, not inwards
Foundation of prayer
Centrality of study + discussion
Brotherhood
‘Cheap grace’ vs 'costly grace’
Struggling as Christ did
Mark
"The badge of true discipleship”
Jesus “the man for others”
BONHOEFFER’S EMPHASIS ON SUFFERING
Contemporary relevance
Bonhoeffer’s extreme experiences
Effects of globalisation
Jesus as central starting point
Revision notes for A-level Religious Studies (OCR)
Two pages
RELIGION + ETHICS – CONSCIENCE
AQUINAS’ THEOLOGICAL APPROACH
‘Reason making right decisions’
Ratio
Aristotle’s SENSITIVE SOUL
Synderesis
Conscientia
Vincible ignorance
Invincible ignorance
FREUD’S PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH
Human psyche
Unconscious mind
Preconscious mind
Conscious mind
Tripartite personality:
Id
Ego
Superego
Other religious responses:
JOSEPH BUTLER
Innate God-given morality
JOHN HENRY NEWMAN:
Voice of God
AUGUSTINE
Intuitive, less rationalist
Secular responses:
JEAN PIAGET
Mature + immature conscience
Two stages of moral development
Heteronomous morality
Autonomous morality
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG
Authority figures
Social interaction
ERICH FROMM
External authorities
Guilty conscience
Authoritarian conscience
Humanistic conscience
Modern responses:
RICHARD DAWKINS
Evolution
Is conscience real?
Romans 2
‘Lust to be nice’
Product of nurture
Revision notes for A-level Religious Studies (OCR)
Seven pages
APPLIED ETHICS
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
Examples of CSR:
Gates Foundation
M&S f
Merck & Co
Amazon
MILTON FRIEDMAN
Friedman Doctrine
'Hypocritical window dressing’
Greenwashing
Coca-Cola’s Giving Pledge
KANTIAN ETHICS
Goodwill
Universalisability
Formula of the End in Itself
UTILITARIANISM
Act Utilitarianism
Bentham
Natural rights “nonsense on stilts”
Rule Utilitarianism
Preference Utilitarianism
Evaluation
GLOBALISATION
Interconnectedness
Issues
Loss, abuse, damage and inequality
KANTIAN ETHICS
Capitalism
UTILITARIANISM
Objective empirical approach
Voluntary diversification
Evaluation
**GOOD ETHICS IS GOOD BUSINESS **
Duty to be honest
FRIEDMAN
Mill’s harm principle
Singer’s strong principle
ADAM SMITH
Self-interest
KARL MARX
Instability in capitalism
Exploiting labour
KANTIAN ETHICS
Self-satisfaction instead
UTILITARIANISM
Pursuit of lower pleasures
Evaluation
EUTHANASIA
Should ‘good death’ be universally permitted?
SANCTITY OF LIFE
Human life made in God’s image
Genesis 1
Catholic DECLARATION ON EUTHANASIA
Natural Law’s preservation of life
Doctrine of double effect
PIUS XII
Secondary effect of medicines
Dignity of the human person
Technological abuse
Criticism of SofL
DANIEL MAGUIRE
PETER SINGER
Value to community also
RONALD DWORKIN
Affirming life
QUALITY OF LIFE
Secular concept
Case studies:
DANIEL JAMES
TONY NICKLINSON
Personhood
GERMAIN GRISEZ
Criticisms of QofL
‘Playing God’
Consent
VOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA
GREGORY PENCE
Autonomy
NON-VOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA
Persistent vegetative state
PERSONAL AUTONOMY
Self-determination
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
J.S MILL
Individual is sovereign
'Harm principle’
Criticisms
One’s life is of value to others
Depression
MEDICAL + NON-MEDICAL INTERVENTION
Difference between ‘killing’ + ‘letting die’
Morally equivalent, equal responsibility
Active or passive?
JAMES RACHELS
HELGA KUHSE
Nazi Germany
Conclusion
APPLICATION OF ETHICAL THEORIES TO EUTHANASIA
NATURAL LAW
Doctrine of double effect c
Precept of preservation of life
Value of life
Prevents achieving telos
Secular societies
What is ‘natural’?
Blurred distinction
SITUATION ETHICS
Agape
Personalism
Pragmatism
Positivism
Relativism
Revision notes for A-level Religious Studies (OCR)
Four pages
ETHICAL LANGUAGE – META-ETHICS
Definition
Do mind-independent moral properties exist?
Moral realism
Moral anti-realism
Cognitivism
True/false statements
Non-cognitivism
Grounding problem
NATURALISM
Cognitivist + realist
Fixed absolutes
F.H. BRADLEY
Concrete absolute reality
Moral perspective
Self-realisation
Observation
Criticism
DAVID HUME
Empiricist challenge
Reason vs emotion
Moral good + evil
Hume’s Law
Moral ‘ought’ statements
Factual ‘is’ statements
Non-cognitive vs cognitive
PHILIPPA FOOT
Virtue ethics
Moral rules
‘Natural goodness’
J.L. MACKIE
Anti-realism
Moral rules
Tradition
Variations between cultures
STRENGTHS & WEAKNESSES
Moral nihilism
Verification
Tautologies
Open question argument
Non-moral property
INTUITIONISM
G.E. MOORE
NON-NATURALISM
Intuition
Intrinsic good
Non-natural property
Naturalistic fallacy
Closed vs open questions
H.A. PRICHARD
Moral obligations
Duty
Moral vocabulary
W.D. ROSS
Conflicting duties
Prima facie duties
Overriding obligation
Seven foundational prima facie duties
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
Argument from queerness
Cultural relativism
EMOTIVISM
Approval vs disapproval
DAVID HUME
MORAL JUDGEMENTS MOTIVATE ACTION
HUME’S FORK
A.J. AYER
Three kinds of knowledge
ANALYTIC JUDGEMENTS
SYNTHETIC JUDGEMENTS
MORAL JUDGEMENTS
Judgements of value
Utterances of preference
C.L. STEVENSON
Attitude relative to fundamental belief
Persuasion
Approval/disapproval
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
Quantify goodness/pleasure
Foot’s moral realism
Moral diversity
Moral nihilism
Changing moral views
Moral progress
Embedding problem
Key issues:
What is meant by ‘good’
Meaningful vs meaningless
Revision notes for A-level Religious Studies (OCR)
Seven pages
RELIGION + ETHICS
Normative Ethical Theories
NATURAL LAW
Roman Catholic approach
Intrinsic values
Bentham
“Nonsense on stilts”
Cicero
“One eternal law"
ARISTOTLE
‘Eudaimonia’
Afterlife
THOMAS AQUINAS
‘Beatific vision’
Human purpose
Four Tiers of Law:
Eternal Law
Divine Law
Natural Law
HUMAN LAW
Precepts
‘Rule of synderesis’
Five primary precepts
‘Lex’ & ‘ius’
Real good
Apparent good
‘Principle of double effect’
Four conditions required in principle
Strengths & weaknesses
Just War theory
Seven virtues
Deontological secondary precepts
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
Objective
Relativism
Rational
Conflicting rules
JOHN FINNIS
Seven basic goods
UTILITARIANISM
JEREMY BENTHAM
Hedonism
“Two sovereign masters”
Pleasure is sole good, pain sole evil
Principle of utility
Hedonic calculus
Fecundity
Purity
Act utilitarianism
Strengths & weaknesses
JOHN STUART MILL
Higher and lower pleasures
Rule utilitarianism
PETER SINGER
Preference utilitarianism
SITUATION ETHICS
WILLIAM TEMPLE
Four types on love in the Bible
EROS
STORGE
PHILIA =
AGAPE
Jesus at Last Supper
More loving outcome
Jesus’ actions
JOSEPH FLETCHER
Bioethics
God’s rules should not always be followed
'Law of love’
‘Himself Might his Quietus Make’
‘Special Bombing Mission No. 13’
‘Christian Cloak and Dagger’
Loving neighbour = loving God
Ten Commandments
Greatest Commandment
RUDOLF BULTMANN
'Love thy neighbour’
Three ways of making moral decisions:
Legalistic ethics
Antinomian ethics
Situation ethics
Six Fundamental Principles
Ruling norm of Christian decision
Only the end justifies the means
Four Working Principles
Pragmatism
Relativism
Positivism
Personalism
Conscience as a verb
RELIGIOUS vs NON-RELIGIOUS
AB William Temple
Pius XII condemned SE as sacrilegious
Jesus’ agape inspired SE
STRENGTHS & WEAKNESSES
Subjectivity
Too individualistic
Consistent with the gospel
Disregards divine command theory
Universal appeal
Religious vs secular
Altruism
Truly selfless acts
“Situationism is a method”
Reality
Eight page booklet : define glacier keywords; map skills page to locate and name glacial areas around the World; SPAG exercise about the glaciers on Mars; page to compare advantages and disadvantages of tourism in the glacial landscape of the Lake District; moral dilemma about whether people in the UK should be concerned with the melting of Himalayan glaciers; research page about glaciers in World cultures; and finally a page about Ötzi the Iceman and how his body was analysed by archaeologists
Christian Key Beliefs
Hindu Key Beliefs
Key terms (Sanctity of life, Stewardship, Positive discrimination etc.)
Information (animals, taking care of the world, prejudice, abortion etc.)
Christian Key Beliefs
Hindu Key Beliefs
Key terms (Morality, Ethics, Value of life etc.)
Information (IVF, genetic engineering, drugs, elderly, euthanasia, crime etc.)
Revision notes for A-level Religious Studies (OCR)
Three pages
PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION - THE EXISTENCE OF GOD
ARGUMENTS FROM OBSERVATION
TELEOLOGICAL ARGUMENT
AQUINAS
Fifth Way
WILLIAM PALEY
Watchmaker analogy
HUME
DAWKINS
ANTONY FLEW
F.R. TENNANT
COSMOLOGICAL ARGUMENT
ARISTOTLE
THOMAS AQUINAS
Three cosmological ‘Ways’
Summa Theologica
Argument from motion
Argument from causation:
Contingency argument:
“ex nihilo nihil fit”
Quantum physics
No-boundary proposal:
Hawking + Hartle
Wave-function of the universe
Oscillating universe theory:
GOTTFRIED LEIBNIZ
Criticisms of cosmological argument:
Hume
The fallacy of composition
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
Key issues
ARGUMENTS FROM REASON
ONTOLOGICAL ARGUMENT
ANSELM
GAUNILO OF MARMOUTIER
Dawkins
RENE DESCARTES
Cartesian doubt
COGITO ERGO SUM
Analytic statement
Descartes’ triangle
IMMANUEL KANT
SYNTHETIC HYPOTHESIS
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
Russell
Key issues
Revision notes for A-level Religious Studies (OCR)
Two pages
MYSTICAL EXPERIENCE
WILLIAM JAMES
MACKIE
ST TERESA OF AVILA
Sufi Whirling Dervishes
RUDOLF OTTO
CORPORATE EXPERIENCES
Toronto blessing
Medjugorje
Damascus Christophany
Saul
SWINBURNE
PERSINGER’S HELMET
Dawkins
Revision notes for A-level Religious Studies (OCR)
Three pages
PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION – THE PROBLEM OF EVIL
“the rock of atheism”
Logical problem of evil
Inconsistent triad
Epicurus
Hume
J.L. MACKIE
AUGUSTINE
Moral evil
Natural evil
Criticisms and responses
Theodicy
True theodicy
Augustinian Theodicy
Original Sin
LOGICAL ERROR
F.D.E. Schleiermacher
creation ex nihilo
SCIENTIFIC ERROR
MORAL ERROR
Freewill Defence
ALVIN PLANTINGA
SWINBURNE + HICK
FLEW
Irenaean Theodicy
“Then God said ‘they will be like us and resemble us”
Omnipotent God
Hick
DZ PHILLIPS
Process theology
SWINBURNE
GUTIERREZ
Liberation theology
Pandeism
Christian Science
MARY BAKER EDDY
HUME
“Why is there any misery in the world?”
Divine Command Theory
PETER GEACH
Animal suffering
ALBERT CAMUS
DOSTOEVSKY
NIETZSCHE
‘Beyond Good and Evil’
Revision for A-level Religious Studies (OCR)
Five pages
ARGUMENTS FROM OBSERVATION
**TELEOLOGICAL ARGUMENT **
AQUINAS’ Fifth Way
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
PALEY
FLEW
TENNANT
COSMOLOGICAL ARGUMENT
ARISTOTLE
AQUINAS
Summa Theologica
Hawking + Hartle
Big Bang + Big Crunch
LEIBNIZ
Criticisms of cosmological argument:
Hume: Fallacy of composition
Anthropomorphology
A posteriori vs a priori
ARGUMENTS FROM REASON
ONTOLOGICAL ARGUMENT
ANSELM
GAUNILO OF MARMOUTIER
DESCARTES’ Triangle
Cartesian doubt
COGITO ERGO SUM
KANT
SYNTHETIC HYPOTHESIS
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
Russell
Key issues:
Revision notes for A-level Religious Studies (OCR)
Four pages
DCT – AUGUSTINE’S TEACHING ON HUMAN NATURE
JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU
THOMAS HOBBES
AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO
‘CONFESSIONS’
HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS PRE- AND POST-FALL
Pre-Lapsarian
Post-Lapsarian
ORIGINAL SIN AND ITS EFFECTS ON WILL AND SOCIETY
Original Sin is passed on through sex
GOD’S GRACE
Summum bonum
Contrasts Plato and Kant
CRITICISMS OF AUGUSTINE
Irenaean theodicy
DAWKINS
Humanitarian principle (PINKER)
FREUD
**JEAN PAUL SARTRE **
NIEBUHR
Prideful sin
Realisation of God
Key issues
Revision notes for A-level Religious Studies (OCR)
Five pages
DCT – FOUNDATIONS
KNOWLEDGE OF GOD’S EXISTENCE
NATURAL KNOWLEDGE OF GOD’S EXISTENCE
REVEALED KNOWLEDGE OF GOD’S EXISTENCE
ARE NATURAL AND REVEALED KNOWLEDGE OF GOD THE SAME?
THE PERSON OF JESUS CHRIST
**JESUS’ AUTHORITY AS THE SON OF GOD
**Jesus’ divinity expressed in his knowledge of God
**
Jesus’ divinity expressed in his miracles
**Jesus’ divinity expressed in his resurrection
**
JESUS’ AUTHORITY A TEACHER OF WISDOM
**Jesus’ moral teaching on repentance + forgiveness
**
Jesus’ moral teaching on inner purity + moral motivation
**How are Jesus’ teachings useful to an atheist?
**
JESUS’ AUTHORITY AS A LIBERATOR
Jesus’ role expressed in his challenge to political authority
**
Jesus’ role expressed in his challenge to religious authority